Real-world effectiveness and factors associated with effectiveness of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis.

BACKGROUND: The two inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, CoronaVac and BBIBP-CorV, have been widely used to control the COVID-19 pandemic. The influence of multiple factors on inactivated vaccine effectiveness (VE) during long-term use and against variants is not well understood. METHODS: We selected published or preprinted articles from PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, medRxiv, BioRxiv, and the WHO COVID-19 database by 31 August 2022. We included observational studies that assessed the VE of completed primary series or homologous booster against SARS-CoV-2 infection or severe COVID-19. We used DerSimonian and Laird random-effects models to calculate pooled estimates and conducted multiple meta-regression with an information theoretic approach based on Akaike's Information Criterion to select the model and identify the factors associated with VE. RESULTS: Fifty-one eligible studies with 151 estimates were included. For prevention of infection, VE associated with study region, variants, and time since vaccination; VE was significantly decreased against Omicron compared to Alpha (P = 0.021), primary series VE was 52.8% (95% CI, 43.3 to 60.7%) against Delta and 16.4% (95% CI, 9.5 to 22.8%) against Omicron, and booster dose VE was 65.2% (95% CI, 48.3 to 76.6%) against Delta and 20.3% (95% CI, 10.5 to 28.0%) against Omicron; primary VE decreased significantly after 180 days (P = 0.022). For the prevention of severe COVID-19, VE associated with vaccine doses, age, study region, variants, study design, and study population type; booster VE increased significantly (P = 0.001) compared to primary; though VE decreased significantly against Gamma (P = 0.034), Delta (P = 0.001), and Omicron (P = 0.001) compared to Alpha, primary and booster VEs were all above 60% against each variant. CONCLUSIONS: Inactivated vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection was moderate, decreased significantly after 6 months following primary vaccination, and was restored by booster vaccination. VE against severe COVID-19 was greatest after boosting and did not decrease over time, sustained for over 6 months after the primary series, and more evidence is needed to assess the duration of booster VE. VE varied by variants, most notably against Omicron. It is necessary to ensure booster vaccination of everyone eligible for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and continue monitoring virus evolution and VE. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO, CRD42022353272.

Cross-sectional investigation and correlation analysis of psychology of college students returning to campus after COVID-19 lockdown lift.

Objective: To conduct a large cross-sectional survey of the mental health of college students during the recovery period of the COVID-19 epidemic. Methods: Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) and COVID-19 questionnaire were used to investigate the overall mental health level and cognition of epidemic situation of college students in seven colleges and universities in Shaanxi Province. Results: (1) In the recovery period of COVID-19 epidemic, college students still had psychological and somatic symptoms such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety, hostility, and poor appetite or insomnia; (2) female college students, science and engineering college students, freshmen and senior graduates, and some ethnic minority college students were all groups with psychological symptoms; (3) the psychological status of college students was related to their perception of COVID-19 epidemic, and the more knowledge about epidemic prevention and control, the more confident they were in overcoming the epidemic, and the milder the psychological symptoms. Conclusion: College students still have some mental health problems in the recovery period of COVID-19 epidemic, which should be paid attention to by education authorities and colleges and universities.

Immune response and homeostasis mechanism following administration of BBIBP-CorV SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine.

The BBIBP-CorV severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) inactivated vaccine has been authorized for emergency use and widely distributed. We used single-cell transcriptome sequencing to characterize the dynamics of immune responses to the BBIBP-CorV inactivated vaccine. In addition to the expected induction of humoral immunity, we found that the inactivated vaccine induced multiple, comprehensive immune responses, including significantly increased proportions of CD16+ monocytes and activation of monocyte antigen presentation pathways; T cell activation pathway upregulation in CD8+ T cells, along with increased activation of CD4+ T cells; significant enhancement of cell-cell communications between innate and adaptive immunity; and the induction of regulatory CD4+ T cells and co-inhibitory interactions to maintain immune homeostasis after vaccination. Additionally, comparative analysis revealed higher neutralizing antibody levels, distinct expansion of naive T cells, a shared increased proportion of regulatory CD4+ T cells, and upregulated expression of functional genes in booster dose recipients with a longer interval after the second vaccination. Our research will support a comprehensive understanding of the systemic immune responses elicited by the BBIBP-CorV inactivated vaccine, which will facilitate the formulation of better vaccination strategies and the design of new vaccines.

Cross-sectional investigation and correlation analysis of psychology of college students returning to campus after COVID-19 lockdown lift

Objective To conduct a large cross-sectional survey of the mental health of college students during the recovery period of the COVID-19 epidemic. Methods Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) and COVID-19 questionnaire were used to investigate the overall mental health level and cognition of epidemic situation of college students in seven colleges and universities in Shaanxi Province. Results (1) In the recovery period of COVID-19 epidemic, college students still had psychological and somatic symptoms such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety, hostility, and poor appetite or insomnia;(2) female college students, science and engineering college students, freshmen and senior graduates, and some ethnic minority college students were all groups with psychological symptoms;(3) the psychological status of college students was related to their perception of COVID-19 epidemic, and the more knowledge about epidemic prevention and control, the more confident they were in overcoming the epidemic, and the milder the psychological symptoms. Conclusion College students still have some mental health problems in the recovery period of COVID-19 epidemic, which should be paid attention to by education authorities and colleges and universities.

Exploration on the Construction of Cross-Border E-Commerce Logistics System Using Deep Learning

The intention of this article is to solve the disadvantages of the current logistics model and promote the healthy development of modern cross-border e-commerce (CBEC) Logistics. First, this paper expounds on and compares the traditional and CBEC logistics models. Then, the CBEC logistics system is constructed and adjusted according to system construction requirements. Further, two key subsystems are designed: the logistics object distribution subsystem and risk detection subsystem, based on the deep learning backpropagation neural network (BPNN) algorithm. The relevant parameters of the object distribution subsystem are calculated and sent to the risk detection subsystem model and tested. It is concluded that the sorting completion rate before 18:00 can reach 95.2%, indicating that the proposed CBEC logistic system can meet the needs of CBEC logistics enterprises. Logistics risk detection’s expected and actual outputs can fit 99%, indicating a tiny deviation. The research has certain reference significance for clarifying the logistics system and service mode of CBEC.

[SWOT analysis of influenza vaccination promotion of primary care staff based on the perspective of the supplier, customer, and management].

Objective: To analyze the situation of influenza vaccination among primary healthcare workers, find out the problems, and explore the strategies and measures to promote influenza vaccination among grass-roots medical staff. Methods: From April to May 2021, key insider interviews and literature research were carried out based on the perspectives of influenza vaccine suppliers (influenza vaccine manufacturers), consumers (primary medical institutions and primary healthcare workers), and managers (governments at all levels, health administrative departments and disease prevention and control departments). The SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis technique was used to comprehensively evaluate the current situation of influenza vaccination among grass-roots healthcare workers, and a SWOT analysis matrix was established. Results: Influenza vaccination of grass-roots healthcare workers have advantages and opportunities, including primary medical and health institutions' vital influenza vaccination accessibility, influenza vaccine safety is higher, COVID-19 outbreak improves the public awareness of respiratory infectious diseases and vaccine production enthusiasm, coronavirus vaccination has strengthened the capacity of the vaccine distribution system. There are also disadvantages and threats such as the high price of influenza vaccine, insufficient supply, low awareness of influenza vaccine vaccination among grass-roots healthcare workers, lack of demand assessment mechanism on influenza vaccine, poor vaccine deployment, structural imbalance in vaccine supply in different areas, and severe vaccine waste. SWOT analysis matrix of the influenza vaccination status of grass-roots healthcare workers was established, forming dominant opportunity (SO) strategy, dominant threat (ST) strategy, inferior opportunity (WO) strategy, and inferior threat (WT) strategy. Conclusion: Measures should be taken by the supplier, the demand-side, and the management side to improve the influenza vaccine coverage rate of primary healthcare workers, but the emphasis should be on the coordination and management of the management side.

A map of bat virus receptors derived from single-cell multiomics.

Bats are considered reservoirs of many lethal zoonotic viruses and have been implicated in several outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases, such as SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. It is necessary to systematically derive the expression patterns of bat virus receptors and their regulatory features for future research into bat-borne viruses and the prediction and prevention of pandemics. Here, we performed single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) and single-nucleus assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (snATAC-seq) of major organ samples collected from Chinese horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus affinis) and systematically checked the expression pattern of bat-related virus receptors and chromatin accessibility across organs and cell types, providing a valuable dataset for studying the nature of infection among bat-borne viruses.

Cell transcriptomic atlas of the non-human primate Macaca fascicularis.

Studying tissue composition and function in non-human primates (NHPs) is crucial to understand the nature of our own species. Here we present a large-scale cell transcriptomic atlas that encompasses over 1 million cells from 45 tissues of the adult NHP Macaca fascicularis. This dataset provides a vast annotated resource to study a species phylogenetically close to humans. To demonstrate the utility of the atlas, we have reconstructed the cell-cell interaction networks that drive Wnt signalling across the body, mapped the distribution of receptors and co-receptors for viruses causing human infectious diseases, and intersected our data with human genetic disease orthologues to establish potential clinical associations. Our M. fascicularis cell atlas constitutes an essential reference for future studies in humans and NHPs.

Comparative Analysis of the Therapeutic Effects of Amniotic Membrane and Umbilical Cord Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), one of the most common carbohydrate metabolism disorders, is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance (IR), and has become an urgent global health challenge. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) originating from perinatal tissues such as umbilical cord (UC) and amniotic membrane (AM) serve as ideal candidates for the treatment of T2DM due to their great advantages in terms of abundant source, proliferation capacity, immunomodulation and plasticity for insulin-producing cell differentiation. However, the optimally perinatal MSC source to treat T2DM remains elusive. This study aims to compare the therapeutic efficacy of MSCs derived from AM and UC (AMMSCs and UCMSCs) of the same donor in the alleviation of T2DM symptoms and explore the underlying mechanisms. Our results showed that AMMSCs and UCMSCs displayed indistinguishable immunophenotype and multi-lineage differentiation potential, but UCMSCs had a much higher expansion capacity than AMMSCs. Moreover, we uncovered that single-dose intravenous injection of either AMMSCs or UCMSCs could comparably reduce hyperglycemia and improve IR in T2DM db/db mice. Mechanistic investigations revealed that either AMMSC or UCMSC infusion could greatly improve glycolipid metabolism in the liver of db/db mice, which was evidenced by decreased liver to body weight ratio, reduced lipid accumulation, upregulated glycogen synthesis, and increased Akt phosphorylation. Taken together, these data indicate that the same donor-derived AMMSCs and UCMSCs possessed comparable effects and shared a similar hepatoprotective mechanism on the alleviation of T2DM symptoms.

The influence and enlightenment of five public health emergencies on public psychology since new century: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Since the 21st century, humans have experienced five public health emergencies: the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), type A H1N1 influenza (H1N1), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), Ebola virus disease (EVD), and the new coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19). They caused a large number of casualties and a wider psychological crisis, which might cause severe consequences such as post-traumatic stress disorder and suicide. AIMS: To reveal the law of formation of public psychological crisis in public health emergencies, and draw lessons from it. To provide ideas for effectively deal with these psychological crisis problems and fundamentally curbing the occurrence of public health emergencies. METHOD: Through the method of literature research, 'public health incidents', 'psychological crisis', 'mental health', 'psychological intervention', 'SARS', 'H1N1', 'MERS', 'EVD', and 'COVID-19' were used to search literatures in the databases such as PubMed, Springer, and Sciencedirect, and the literatures were summarized, sorted, and studied. RESULTS: (1) The public health emergencies caused a universal psychological crisis. The main manifestations were depression, compulsion, despair, etc. The people involved mainly include patients, suspected isolated patients, medical staff, and the general public in the epidemic situation. (2) People's psychological state often experienced stress stage, shock stage, acceptance, and reorganization. Only some susceptible individuals couldn't complete effective psychological reconstruction, resulting in serious psychological disorders. Individual susceptibility is related to genetic factors, adversity, and traumatic stimuli experienced in early life. CONCLUSION: To reduce these psychological crisis problems, we should establish and improve the psychological crisis intervention or rescue system of public health emergencies, it was still necessary to live in harmony with nature, get rid of the inappropriate habit of preying on wild animals, in order to prevent the cross-species transmission of the virus between wild animals and humans, and to fundamentally avoid the occurrence of major infectious diseases.

Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) Analysis of China's Prevention and Control Strategy for the COVID-19 Epidemic.

This study used the Strengths (S), Weaknesses (W), Opportunities (O) and Threats (T) (SWOT) analysis method, drawing on our experience of the response to the 2003 SARS epidemic, the 2019 China Health Statistics Yearbook data, and changes in China's policy environment for the pneumonia epidemic response relating to the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infection, to perform a systematic analysis of the COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control strategy S, W, O, and T, with a further analysis of a strategic foundation and to determine a significant and relative strategy. We assessed and formulated strength-opportunity (SO), weakness-opportunity (WO), strength-threat (ST), and weakness-threat (WT) strategies for the prevention and control of the COVID-19 epidemic. We conducted an in-depth analysis and identified the highest-priority policies. These are: reshaping the emergency system (SO1); adding health emergency departments to universities and other institutions (WO2); adjusting the economic structure and strengthening international and domestic linkages (ST2); and strengthening public intervention in responding to public health emergencies (WT1).

Single-Cell Sequencing of Peripheral Mononuclear Cells Reveals Distinct Immune Response Landscapes of COVID-19 and Influenza Patients.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic poses a current world-wide public health threat. However, little is known about its hallmarks compared to other infectious diseases. Here, we report the single-cell transcriptional landscape of longitudinally collected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in both COVID-19- and influenza A virus (IAV)-infected patients. We observed increase of plasma cells in both COVID-19 and IAV patients and XIAP associated factor 1 (XAF1)-, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-, and FAS-induced T cell apoptosis in COVID-19 patients. Further analyses revealed distinct signaling pathways activated in COVID-19 (STAT1 and IRF3) versus IAV (STAT3 and NFκB) patients and substantial differences in the expression of key factors. These factors include relatively increase of interleukin (IL)6R and IL6ST expression in COVID-19 patients but similarly increased IL-6 concentrations compared to IAV patients, supporting the clinical observations of increased proinflammatory cytokines in COVID-19 patients. Thus, we provide the landscape of PBMCs and unveil distinct immune response pathways in COVID-19 and IAV patients.